CY-403 - Computer Networks

Explain the ISO-OSI reference model in detail. Compare it with the TCP/IP model based on layer functionalities and real-world implementation.

If a noiseless channel has a bandwidth of 3 kHz and each signal level carries 4 bits, calculate the maximum bit rate using the Nyquist formula. What if the number of signal levels is increased?

Explain the principles and operation of circuit switching, packet switching and message switching.

Given data block : 1101011011 and generator polynomial : 10011. Perform CRC computation and provide the final codeword.

Explain the stop-and-wait protocol and sliding window protocol. How does the sender and receiver manage buffers in both cases?

Discuss static Vs dynamic channel allocation. Compare ALOHA, slotted ALOHA and CSMA protocols.

Describe IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.4 and IEEE 802.5 LAN standards in terms of access methods, performance and topology.

Compare and contrast the operations of hubs, switches, bridges, routers and gateways.

Explain remote bridging. What challenges arise in implementing remote bridges in large LANs?

Compare connection establishment and release in TCP using three-way and four-way handshakes. Why is graceful termination important?

Discuss the working of link state routing and distance vector routing algorithms with their convergence speed and scalability.

Describe classful IP addressing. Discuss the limitations that led to the evolution of CIDR and classless addressing.

You are given a network 192.168.10.0/24. Divide it into 4 subnets and determine the range of IP addresses and broadcast address for each subnet.

Describe the working of DNS. How does it resolve domain names to IP addresses using caching and hierarchical servers.

Write a short note on (any two) : a) ARP, RARP and ICMP protocols b) PPP, SLIP and HDLC protocols c) Types of transmission media (guided and unguided)