• Attempt any five questions.
• All questions carry equal marks.
Explain the Database approach and compare it with the traditional file processing system. Discuss advantages of database systems.
Explain Data models, schemas, and instances. What is data independence?
Describe the ER data model. Explain entities, attributes, and relationships with examples.
Draw an ER diagram for a library system and transform it into relational tables.
Explain relational data model concepts: relations, attributes, tuples, domains, and keys.
Write SQL queries to : (i) create a table STUDENT(Roll No, Name, Marks), (ii) insert two records (iii) retrieve students with Marks > 60
Explain normalization and functional dependency. Discuss first, second, and third normal forms.
Normalize the relation R(A, B, C, D) with dependencies: A \to B, B \to C, C \to D to the highest normal form.
Explain query optimization and its importance. Describe heuristic and cost-based optimization.
For relations EMP(Eid, Dept) and DEPT(Dept, Dname), write relational algebra expressions to find employee names working in 'Sales'.
Explain transaction processing and serializability. Differentiate between conflict and view serializability.
Determine whether the schedule is conflict serializable: R1(X), W1(X), R2(X), W2(X), R1(Y), W1(Y).
Explain Concurrency control techniques: locking and time-stamping protocols.
Explain Log-based recovery and checkpoints with an example.
Explain Oracle/MySQL architecture and main memory structures.
Write SQL queries to demonstrate: (i) equi-join, (ii) outer join, and (iii) a nested query using EXISTS.
